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Building an Autograd Engine from Scratch

A friendly, intuitive breakdown of how automatic differentiation works: wrapping numbers in tensors, building a family tree of operations, passing feedback with the chain rule, and training a neural network from scratch.

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Design a Unique ID Generator in Distributed Systems

A deep dive into distributed unique ID generation, exploring multi-master auto-increment, centralized ticket servers, Twitter Snowflake bit allocations, clock drift failure modes, and modern alternatives like UUIDv7 and ULID.

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Consistent Hashing: Distributing Data Across Servers the Smart Way

A deep dive into how consistent hashing powers distributed databases, solves the catastrophic modulo resharding trap, balances load with virtual nodes, and scales clusters seamlessly.

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Stale While Revalidate: Caching Without the Latency Spike

How to implement stale-while-revalidate caching, solve the thundering herd problem, and eliminate cache stampedes with distributed locks and probabilistic early expiration.

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Design a Rate Limiter

How to design a rate limiter from the ground up, covering algorithms, distributed state, edge mitigation, and production rollout strategies.

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System Design: The Architecture That Scales

Scale Beyond the Limits is a technical deep-dive that walks through scaling a system from a single server to an architecture handling millions of users.

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Understanding Authentication: From Basics to Token-Based Security

A comprehensive walkthrough of authentication mechanics, secure password hashing, OAuth 2.0 flows, and token lifecycle management.

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